166 studies showing a direct link between EMF exposures and prenatal effect

Many peer-reviewed studies now show a direct link between EMF exposures and prenatal effects.

Here are just 166 of them. This includes human and animal studies, but excludes over 130 references on male fertility, which can be found here: https://emfresearch.com/emfs-male-fertility/

1. Aldad TS, G Gan, XB Gao, HS Taylor. (2012). Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice. Scientific Reports. 2: 312 7 p http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120315/srep00312/pdf/srep00312.pdf

2. Algers B, K. Hennichs (1983). Biological effects of electromagnetic fields. A review. Vet. Res. Commun. 6: 265–279. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6359665

3. Anselmo, CWSF., PB Pereira, MTJA. Catanho and MC Medeiros, (2007). Effects of the electromagnetic field, 60 Hz, 3 μT, on the hormonal and metabolic regulation of undernourished pregnant rats. Braz. J. Biol., 69: 397-404. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjb/v69n2/24.pdf

4. Bas O, Odaci E, Mollaoglu H, Ucok K, Kaplan S. (2009). Chronic prenatal exposure to the 900 megahertz electromagnetic field induces pyramidal cell loss in the hippocampus of newborn rats. Toxicol Ind Health . 25(6). 377 – 384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671630

5. Bastide M, B.J. Youbicier-Simoa, J.C. Lebecq, J. Giaimis. (2001). Toxicologic study of electromagnetic radiation emitted by television and video display screens and cellular telephones on chickens and mice, Indoor Built Environ. 10: 291–298. http://www.iirec.co.il/Data/FilesUploads/Bastide_Youbicier.pdf

6. Batellier F, Couty I, Picard D, Brillard JP. (2008). Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell phone in “call” position over the entire incubation period. Theriogenology. 69 (6):737-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18255134?dopt=Abstract

7. Bayat PD, Ghanbari A, Saeid B, Khazaei M, Ghorbani R, Ayubian M. (2011). Effect of exposure to extremely low electro-magnetic field during prenatal period on mice spleen. Indian J Exp Biol. 49(8):634-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870432?dopt=Abstract

8. Belanger, K., Leaderer, B., Hellenbrand, K., Holford, T.R., McSharry, J-E., Power, M-E, and Bracken, M.B. (1998). Spontaneous abortion and exposure to electric blankets and heated water beds. Epidemiology, 9: 36-42

9. Bellieni CV, Pinto I, Bogi A, Zoppetti N, Andreuccetti D, Buonocore G (2012). Exposure to electromagnetic fields from laptop use of “laptop” computers. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 67(1):31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=22315933

10. Beraldi R, Sciamanna I, Mangiacasale R, Lorenzini R, Spadafora C. (2003). Mouse early embryos obtained by natural breeding or in vitro fertilization display a differential sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res. 538(1-2):163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834765

11. Bereznitskaya AN, Rysina TZ. (1973). Effects of Microwaves. In Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Z.V. Gordon, ed., Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Publications Research Service No. 6332l, pp.230-236. ). http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_Fields.pdf

12. Bereznitskaya AN. (1968). [Certain indices of fertility in female mice irradiated with 10-centimeter waves]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 12(9):33-7. [Article in Russian] No Abstract. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5731624

13. Bereznitskaya, A. N. and Rysina, T. Z. (1974). Embryotropic Effects of Microwaves. In: Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Gordon, Z. V.,editor. Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Pub.Research Service, 1974, pp. 230-36.. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_Fields.pdf

14. Bereznitskaya, A. N., and Kazhokov, I.M (1974). Studies on the Reproduction and Testicular Microstructure of Mice Exposed to Microwaves. In: Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, Gordon, Z. V., editor. Arlington, Va., U.S. Joint Pub. Research Service, 1974, pp. 221-29. http://www.magdahavas.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Russian_Biological_Effects_of_Radiofrequency_Electromagnetic_Fields.pdf

15. Berman E, Carter HB and House D. 1984: “Growth and development of mice offspring after irradiation in utero with 2,450-MHz microwaves”. Teratology. 30(3):393-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6515565

16. Berman E, Carter HB, House D. (1982). Reduced weight in mice offspring after in utero exposure to 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics3(2): 285-291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7126279

17. Berman E, Carter HB. (1984). Decreased body weight in fetal rats after irradiation with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves. Health Phys 46: 537–542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6698781

18. Berman E, Kinn JB, and Carter HB (1978). Observations of mouse fetuses after irradiation with 2.45 GHz microwaves, Health Physics, 35, pp. 791-801 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/738884 and http://journals.lww.com/health-physics/Abstract/1978/12000/Observations_of_Mouse_Fetuses_After_Irradiation.6.aspx

19. Berman, E.L., Chacon, D., House, B., Koch, A., et al. (1990). Development of chicken embryos in a pulsed magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 11:169–187 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2242052

20. Blaasaas K, T Tynes, A Irgens, R Lie (2002). Risk of birth defects by parental occupational exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields: a population based study Occup Environ Med. 59(2): 92–97. doi: 10.1136/oem.59.2.92 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1740256/

21. Blackman CF, House DE, Benane SG, Joines WT, Spiegel RJ. (1988). Effect of ambient levels of power-line-frequency electric fields on a developing vertebrate. Bioelectromagnetics ;9(2):129–140 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3377861

22. Blackman CF. (2006). Can EMF exposure during development leave an imprint later in life? Electromagn Biol Med. 25(4):217-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178582

23. Blackman, C. (2009).Cell phone radiation: Evidence from ELF and RF studies supporting more inclusive risk identification and assessment. Pathophysiology.16. 205-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264460

24. Borhani N, Rajaei F, Salehi Z, Javadi A. (2011). Analysis of DNA fragmentation in mouse embryos exposed to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 30(4):246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047462

25. Brent RL,WE Gordon, WR Bennett, DA. Beckman (1993). Reproductive and teratologic effects of electromagnetic fields. Reprod. Toxicol. 7: 535–580. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8118107

26. Brown-Woodman PD, Hadley JA, Waterhouse J, Webster WS. (1988). Teratogenic effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (27.12 MHz) from a shortwave diathermy unit. Ind Health. 26(1):1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283078

27. Brown-Woodman, PDC, Hadley, JA, Richardson L., Bright D. and Porter D. (1989). Evaluation of reproductive function of female rats exposed to radiofrequency field (27.12 MHz) near a shortwave diathermy device. Health Physics 56(4): 521-525. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=2925391

28. Budak GG, Muluk NB, Budak B, Oztürk GG, Apan A, Seyhan N. (2009). Effects of intrauterine and extrauterine exposure to GSM-like radiofrequency on distortion product otoacoustic emissions in infant male rabbits. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 73: 391-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19108901

29. California EMF Risk Evaluation (2002): Final Report. Chapter 13: Miscarriage. http://www.ehib.org/emf/RiskEvaluation/Chapter13.pdf

30. Cameron IL, Hardman WE, Winters WD, Zimmerman S, Zimmerman AM. (1993). Environmental magnetic fields: influences on early embryogenesis. J Cell Biochem. 51(4):417-25 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8496244

31. Cao, YN; Y Zhang, Y Liu (2006). “Effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on reproduction of female mice and development of offsprings”. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 24 (8): 468-70 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16978513

32. Celik O, Hascalik S. (2004). Effect of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on foetal heart rate patterns. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 112(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14687739

33. Chación L, M. A. Trillo, A. Ubeda, J. Leal (1990). A 30-HZ Pulsed Magnetic Field Can Stop Early Embryonic Development. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 9(1): 61–66. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368379009027760

34. Chavdoula ED, Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH. (2010). Comparison of biological effects between continuous and intermittent exposure to GSM-900-MHz mobile phone radiation: Detection of apoptotic cell-death features. Mutat Res. 700(1-2):51-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20472095

35. Chiang H and G. D. Yao (1987). Effects of Pulsed Microwave Radiation Pre-and Post-natally on the Developing Brain in Mice. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 6(2): 197-204 http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378709027739

36. Chiang H, Wu RY, Shao BJ, Fu YD, Yao GD, Lu DJ. (1995). Pulsed magnetic field from video display terminals enhances teratogenic effects of cytosine arabinoside in mice. Bioelectromagnetics. 16(1):70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7748205

37. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Mason PA, Dooley MP, Miller SA, Ziriax JM, Murphy MR,(2000). Neural and behavioral teratological evaluation of rats exposed to ultra-wideband electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 21(7):524-537. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11015117

38. Cocozza, G., A. Blasio, and B. Nunziata (1960): [Remarks on short-wave embryopathies]. Pediatria (Napoli). 68 (1): 7-23 [Article in Italian. No abstract]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=13810837

39. Daşdag S, MZ Akdag, O Ayyıldız, ÖC Demirtaş, M Yayla, C Sert. (2000). Do Cellular Phones Alter Blood Parameters And Birth Weight Of Rats? Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 19(1): 107-113. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1081/JBC-100100301

40. De-Kun Li, Roxana Odouli, S Wi, T Janevic, I Golditch, TD Bracken, R Senior, R Rankin, R Iriye (January 2002). “A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage”. Epidemiology 13 (1): 9-20 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11805581

41. Delgado JM, Leal J, Monteagudo JL, Gracia MG (1982). Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Journal of Anatomy 134 (3): 533–51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/7107514/?tool=pubmed

42. Divan HA, Kheifets L, Obel C, Olsen J. (2010). Cell phone use and behavioural problems in young children. J Epidemiol Community Health. Dec 7.; doi:10.1136/jech.2010.115402 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21138897

43. Divan, HA; Kheifets, L.; Obel, C & J.Olsen (2008). Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Cell Phone Use and Behavioral Problems in Children. Epidemiology.9(4). pp 523-29. http://newsatjama.jama.com/2011/08/01/author-insights-magnetic-fields-may-increase-asthma-risks/

44. Dundar B., Cesur G., Comlekci S., Songur A., Caliskan S., et al .(2009). The Effect of Prenatal and Post-Natal Long-Term Exposure To 50 Hz Electric Field On Growth, Pubertal Development And Igf-1 Levels in Female Wistar Rats. Toxicol Ind. Health. Vol. 25, Pg. 479 – 487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783573

45. Eckert EE.(1976). [Plötzlicher und underwarteter Tod im Kleinkindesalter und elektromagnetische] Felder. Med Klin. 71(37):1500–05. [Article in German]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/958113

46. Environmental Health Criteria 16 (1981): Radiofrequency and Microwaves, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 92- 4- 154076- 1. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc016.htm#SubSectionNumber:1.1.3

47. Falugi , M Grattarola, G Prestipino (1987). Effects of low-intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields on the early development of sea urchins. Biophys J. 51(6): 999–1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1330035/

48. Farrell, J.M., Barker, M., Krause, D. and Litovitz, T.A., (1997). Effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in developing chicken embryos. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics 43: 91-96.

49. Figà-Talamanca I., P. Nardone, C. Giliberti. (2010). Exposure to electromagnetic fields and human reproduction: the epidemiologic evidence. In, ” Non Thermal Effects and Mechanisms of interaction between electromagnetic fields and living matter “, European J. Oncology-Library vol.5, pp 387-402. L. Giuliani and M. Soffritti (eds).

50. Findlay, R.P.; Lee, AK & P. J. Dimbylow (2009): FDTD calculations of SAR for child voxel models in different postures between 10 MHz and 3 GHz. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 135(4): 226-231. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19589878

51. Fleming AH, Joyner KH. (1992). Estimates of absorption of radiofrequency radiation by the embryo and fetus during pregnancy. Health Phys. 63(2):149-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1399613

52. Fragopouloua AF, SL Koussoulakos, and LH Margaritisa. (2010). Cranial and postcranial skeletal variations induced in mouse embryos by mobile phone radiation. Pathophysiology. 17(3):169-77; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19854628

53. Frey AH. (1978) Blood-brain, blood-vitrous humor, and placental barrier modification due to microwave exposure [abstract]. Biophysical J 21(3):110a 54. Frölen H, Svedenstål BM, Paulsson LE. (1993). Effects of pulsed magnetic fields on the developing mouse embryo. Bioelectromagnetics. 14(3):197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8323570

55. Galat VV, Mezhevikina LM, Zubin MN, Lepikhov KA, Khramov RN, Chaĭlakhian LM. (1999). [Effect of millimeter waves on the early development of the mouse and sea urchin embryo]. Biofizika; 44(1):137-40. [Article in Russian] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10330591

56. Galvin MJ, Tilson HA, Mitchell CL, Peterson J, and McRee DI.(1986). Influence of Pre- and Postnatal Exposure of Rats to 2.45-GHz Microwave Radiation on Neurobehavioral Function. Bioelectromagnetics 7: 57-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3730002

57. Giarola, A. J. and Krueger, W. F.: Continuous exposure of chicks and rats to electromagnetic fields. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT 22:432-37, 1974.

58. Gildersleeve RP, Bryan TE, Galvin MJ, McRee DI, Thaxton JP. (1988). Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during embryogeny. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 89(4):531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2899471

59. Gildersleeve RP, MJGalvin, DI McRee, JP Thaxton (1986). Response of Japanese quail to hemorrhagic stress after exposure to microwave radiation during embryogeny. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 85(4): 679-687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=2879671

60. Gildersleeve RP, Satterlee DG, McRee DI, Bryan TE, Parkhurst CR. (1988). Plasma corticosterone in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol. 89(3):415-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2896572

61. Goldhaber MK, Polen MR, Hiatt RA. (1988). The risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display terminals during pregnancy. Am J Ind Med 13:695-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3389364

62. Goldhaber, M. K., M. R. Polen and R. A. Hiatt. (1988). Risk of miscarriage and birth defects among women who use visual display terminals during pregnancy. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 13:695-706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3389364

63. Goldsworthy, A. (2011). How Smart Meters May Cause Autism and Cancer. MSCA News 6(8). Pp 2-7. http://mcs-america.org/August2011pg234567.pdf

64. Gonet, B., Kosik-Bogacka, D.I., Kuźna-Grygiel, W. (2009). Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on the oviposition of Drosophila melanogaster over three generations. Bioelectromagnetics. 30(8):687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630039

65. Grigor’ev IuG. (2003). [Biological effects of mobile phone electromagnetic field on chick embryo (risk assessment using the mortality rate)]. Radiats Biol Radioecol. 43(5):541-3. [Article in Russian] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658287

66. Gul A., Celebi H., Ugras S. (2009). The effects of microwave emitted by cellular phones on ovarian follicles in rats. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 280 (5): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494549

67. Guler G, Tomruk A, Ozgur E, Seyhan N. (2010): The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits and their newborns. Gen Physiol Biophys. 29(1):59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371881

68. Gunn, S. A., Gould, T. C., and Anderson,W. A. D.: The effect of microwave radiation on morphology and function of rat testis. Lab. Invest. 10:301-14, 1961.

69. Haidt, S. J. and McTighe, A. H.: The Effect of Chronic, Low-Level Microwave Radiation on the Testicles of Mice. In: 1973 IEEE-G-MTT International Microwave Symposium, Maley, S. W.,editor. 1973, pp. 324-25.

70. Hassa H, Yalcin O, Basmak N, et al. (1999). Teratogenic effects of electromagnetic fields on the skeletal systems of rat fetuses. Tr J of Medical Sciences. 29: 555-9. http://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/Sag-29-5-10-98043.pdf

71. Hemminki K, Niemi ML, Koskinen K, Vainio H. (1980). Spontaneous abortions among women employed in the metal industry in Finland. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 47:53-60 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1650457/

72. Huuskonen H, Juutilainen J, Julkunen A, et al. (1998). Effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on fetal development in CBA/Ca Mice, Bioelectromagnetics 19: 477-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=9849917

73. Ingole IV, S.K. Ghosh. (2006). Cell phone radiation and developing tissues in chicken embryo—a light microscopic study of kidneys, J. Anat. Soc. India 55: 19–23. http://medind.nic.in/jae/t06/i2/jaet06i2p19.pdf

74. Jensh RP, Vogel WH, Brent RL. (1983). An evaluation of the teratogenic potential of protracted exposure of pregnant rats to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. II. Postnatal psychophysiologic analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health. 11(1):37-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241682

75. Jensh, R.P. (1997). Behavioral teratologic studies using microwave radiation: Is there an increased risk from exposure to cellular phones and microwave ovens Reprod Toxicol. 11(4):601-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241682

76. Jing J, Zhang Yuhua, Yang Xiao-qian, Jiang Rongping, Guo Dong-mei, Cui Xi (2012). The influence of microwave radiation from cellular phone on fetal rat brain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. Posted online on 23 Jan 2012. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2011.624652

77. Jové M, Torrente M, Gilabert R, Espinar A, Cobos P, Piera V. (1999). Effects of static electromagnetic fields on chick embryo pineal gland development. Cells Tissues Organs. 165(2):74-80 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10516420

78. Juutilainen J, Harri M, Saali K, Lahtinen T. (1986). Effects of 100-Hz magnetic fields with various waveforms on the development of chick embryos. Radiat Environ Biophys. 25(1):65-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3714975

79. Juutilainen, J., Matilainen, P., Saarikoski, S., Laara, E. and Suonio, S., 1993: “Early pregnancy loss and exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields”. Bioelectromagnetics, 14(3): 229-236.

80. Kane, R.C. (2004). A Possible Association Between Fetal/neonatal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation and the Increased Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Medical Hypotheses 62, 195-197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962625

81. Kaplan, J., P. Polson, C. Rebert, K. Lunan, and M. Gage. (1982). Biological and behavioral effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to 2450-Mhz electromagnetic radiation in the squirrel monkey. Radio Science., 17(5S): 135-144 http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1982/RS017i05Sp0135S.shtml

82. Karolinska Institute Press Release (2011). Press Release. Stockholm, Sweden: “Scientists Urge Halt of Wireless Rollout and Call for New Safety Standards: Warning Issued on Risks to Children and Pregnant Women.” http://electromagnetichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Karolinska_Institute_press_release1.pdf

83. Kismali G, Ozgur E, Guler G, Akcay A, Sel T, Seyhan N. (2012). The influence of 1800 MHz GSM-like signals on blood chemistry and oxidative stress in non-pregnant and pregnant rabbits. Int J Radiat Biol. 2012 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22280439

84. Krueger WF, A. J. Giarola, J. W. Bradley, and A. Shrekenhamer (1975). Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fecundity in the Chicken, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1054241

85. Krueger, W. F., Giarola, A. J., Bradley, J. W., and Daruvalla, S. R.: Influence of low-level electric and magnetic fields on the growth of young chicks. Biomed.Sci. Instrum. 9:183-86, 1972.

86. Krylov, V.V. (2010). Effects of electromagnetic fields on parthenogenic eggs of Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(1): 62-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14658289

87. Lahijani MS, S Farivar, and M Khodaeian. (2011). Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on the histology, apoptosis, and expression of c-Fos and β-Catenin on the livers of preincubated white leghorn chicken embryos. Electromagn Biol Med. 30(3): 158-169. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/15368378.2011.596603

88. Lahijani MS, SE Nojooshi, SF Siadat (2007). Light and Electron Microscope Studies of Effects of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields on Preincubated Chick Embryo. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine 26(2): 83-98. http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15368370601185888

89. Leach WM (1980). Genetic, growth, and reproductive effects of microwave radiation. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 56(2): 249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805139/pdf/bullnyacadmed00111-0059.pdf

90. Lee GM, Neutra RR, Hristova L, Yost M, and Hiatt RA. (2000). The use of electric bed heaters and the risk of clinically recognized spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 11(4): 406-415. 91. Lee, G. M., Neutra, R. R., Hristova, L., Yost, M. and Hiatt, R. A. (2002). A nested case-control study of residential and personal magnetic field measures and miscarriages. Epidemiology, 13: 21-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11805582

92. Lemaire, V., Koehl, M., Le Moal, M., Abrous, D.N., 2000. Prenatal stress produces learning deficits associated with an inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. http://www.pnas.org/content/97/20/11032.full

93. Li DK, H Chen & R Odouli. (2011). Maternal Exposure to Magnetic Fields During Pregnancy in Relation to the Risk of Asthma in Offspring. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Published online August 1, 2011. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.135. http://electromagnetichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Li_et_al_2011.pdf

94. Li DK, Odouli R, Wi S, Janevic T, Golditch I, Bracken TD, Senior R, Rankin R, Iriye R. (2002). A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Epidemiology.13(1):9-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11805581

95. Li P., McLaughlin J., Infante-Rivard C. (2009). Maternal Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields And The Risk Of Brain Cancer In The Offspring. Cancer Causes Control. 20:945 – 955. http://www.urucan.org.uy/iah/toc/7520/2009/7520-20090800-6-15.pdf

96. Liu X. Y., Bian X. M., Han J. X., Cao Z. J., Fan G. S., Zhang C., Zhang W. L., Zhang S.Z. and Sun X. G., (2007). Risk factors for the living environment of early spontaneous abortion in pregnant women, Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao, 29(5): 661-664. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18051725

97. Lyaginskajaa AM, Grigorieva YG, Osipova VA,. Grigorieva OA, and AV Shafirkin. (2010). Autoimmune Processes after Long-Term Low-Level Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Experimental Results) Part 5. Study of the Influence of Blood Serum from Rats Exposed to Low-Level Electromagnetic Fields on Pregnancy and Fetal and Offspring Development. Biophysics, 55(6): 1059–66. http://iemfa.org/images/pdf/Autoimmune_Process_after_Long-Term_Low-Leve_Exposure.pdf

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