[Editorial Note: This paper had the letters "ti" deleted throughout. Although I have tried to replace "ti" wherever it was needed, you may find some puzzling words such as: acvon = activation, dysfuncon = dysfunction, magnec = magnetic, radiaon = radiation, im = time, and so on. Apologies.]
Ulrich Warnke and Peter Hensinger
Burnout syndrome (BOS) is a psychosomatic stress disorder. Exogenous stress leads to oxidative cellular stress, the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and reaction products (ROS/RNS). This then leads to mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction, which results in a lack of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and subsequently in a diminished performance of cells. Lack of ATP is a crucial factor in BOS, as well as in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). A crucial element in the multisystem disease BOS is inflammation as a consequence of nitrosative and oxidative stress, as well as the acquired mitochondriopathy. Weak ambient magnetic fields (e.g. from transformers in devices) and various radio-frequency resonances increase the level of free radicals and their reaction products that have toxic effects.
The nonionizing radiation of cell phone networks and other wireless communication technologies (cell towers, cell phones, Wi-Fi, etc.) also leads to cell stress. There is a correlation between the stress trigger due to living conditions, magnetic fields, and RF radiation of cell phone networks and other wireless communication technologies. The affected person will suffer from functional impairment and diseases; and if these are hereditary, they will be passed on to the next generation as a pre-existing defect, as is the case with e.g. “acquired energy dyssymbiosis syndrome” (AEDS).
Keywords: burnout, electromagnetic fields, mobile telephony, RF radiation, stress, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic inflammation, chronic multisystem illness (CMI), acquired energy dyssymbiosis syndrome (AEDS) Translati on: By Katharina Gustavs and authorized by the author and publisher.
Original publica on: WARNKE U; HENSINGER P (2013): Steigende „Burn-out“-Inzidenz durch technisch erzeugte magne sche und elektromagne sche Felder des Mobil- und Kommunika onsfunks; umwelt-medizin-gesellscha6, 26(1): 31-38.
———————— Increase in chronic multisystem diseases
In medical history, the definiti on of general fati gue, depressiveness, and avoli on as a pathological conditi on is discussed against the backdrop of societal developments; in the past, they were referred to as melancholia, vapors, neurasthenia, and depression (EHRENBURG 2009) and today as burnout syndrome. Stress always plays a central role in these conditi ons.
Benkert offers a mely defini tion: “The burnout syndrome is a specific result of conti nuous stress.” (BENKERT 2009) Burnout belongs to the chronic disorders (GEUENICH & HAGEMANN 2012) with increasing prevalence within the group of the so-called chronic mutil system illnesses (CMI) (see Fig. 1). Condi tions with diffuse symptomatology include:
• MCS (mul ple chemical sensi vity),
• CFS (chronic fa gue syndrome),
• BOS (burnout syndrome),
• PTSD (post-trauma c stress disorder),
• Fibromyalgia syndrome.
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The prevalence of chronic mul system illnesses is esti mated to comprise at least 25% of the populati on in western industrial countries – with an increasing trend. For CFS alone, a prevalence of 522 cases per 100,000 in females and 291 per 100,000 in males is given for the U.S. (AACFS 2003).
According to a study of the University of Chicago, the prevalence of CFS thus easily exceeds those of HIV infecti ons (125/100,000), lung cancer (43/100,000), or breast cancer (26/100.000)(JASON et al. 1999).
The pathogenesis of CMI syndromes and all other CMI associated illnesses involves free radicals and inflammatory events of the immune system.
——– Special focus: oxidative stress
The crucial role of oxida ve stress is generally known and scienti fically acknowledged:
“Cell processes require redox homeostasis, which must be maintained by a mul titude of an increasing incidence of burnout due to magnetic and electromagnetic fields of cell phone networks and other wireless communication technologies oxidant enzymes… When the organism’s homeostatic increasing incidence of burnout due to magnetic and electromagnetic fields of cell phone networks and other wireless communication technologies balance is ti pped in favor of oxidati ve processes, we speak of oxidati ve stress. Oxidati ve stress is associated, among others, with the aging of cells.
Furthermore, a severe accumulati on of reacti ve oxygen species (ROS) with a simultaneous decrease in the level of the body’s own an oxidant glutathione is considered a known cause of acute and chronic degenerati ve diseases such as stroke, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease” (HELMHOLTZ ZENTRUM 2008). The Robert Koch Ins tute confirmed these rela onships (RKI 2008).
In persons with burnout syndrome, changes can be observed in the following cell func ons, among others (BAUR 2012, BIEGER 2012, MÜLLER 2012, VON BAEHR 2012):
• Oxidati ve cell stress (ROS), chronic inflammati on, and nitric oxide formati on result in an increased formati on of peroxynitrite;
• Lower levels of the body’s own an oxidants, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD2);
• Decrease in ATP producti on and diminished energy supply through mitochondria;
• Disrup on of the neuroendocrine stress axis, slowing down of the catabolism of catecholamines, and modula ng effects on the neuroendocrine immune system. Beside mental stress, environmental stressors, including EMF (electromagne c fields, see Fig. 2), are discussed as triggers.
Both mental stress as well as environmental stressors lead to cell stress (= oxida ve stress); the interac ons provide a model to explain the increasing incidence of burnout.
Zusammenfassung Steigende „Burn-out“-Inzidenz durch technisch erzeugte
magne sche und elektromagne sche Felder des Mobil-und Kommunika onsfunks
Das Burn-Out-Syndrom (BOS) ist eine psychosoma sche Stresserkrankung. Exogener Stress führt zu Oxida vem Zellstress, einer übermäßigen Entstehung von Freien Sauerstoff
-Radikalen, S ckstoff-Radikalen und Folgeprodukten (ROS /RNS). Dadurch entstehen mitochondriale Stoffwechselstörungen, die zu einem Mangel an ATP (Adenosintriphosphat) und in der Folge zur verminderten Leistungsfä-higkeit der Zellen führen. ATP-Mangel ist ein wesentlicher Faktor beim BOS als auch beim Chronic Fa gue Syndrom(CFS). Ein zentrales Element der Mul systemerkrankung BOS sind die Entzündung (Inflamma on) als Folge von nitrosa vem und oxida vem Stress so wie die erworbene Mitochondropathie.
Aus der Umgebung stammende schwache MagneRelder (z.B. Gerätetransformatoren) und diverse Hochfrequenzschwingungen erhöhen die Ausbeute von Freien Radikalen
und toxisch wirkenden Folgeprodukten. Die nich onisierende Strahlung der Mobil- und Kommunika onsfunktechnologie (Mobilfunkmasten, Handys, WLAN u.a.) führt ebenso zu
Zellstress. Es besteht eine Wechselwirkung zwischen der Stressauslösung durch Lebensumstände, MagneRelder und Mobil- und Kommunika onsfunkstrahlung. Der Mensch
leidet an Funk onsstörungen und Krankheiten und – soweit sie vererbbar sind – gibt er sie als Vorschädigungen an dienächsten Genera onen weiter, wie z.B. beim ,Aquired Energy Dyssymbiosis Syndrom’ (AEDS). Schlüsselwörter: Burn-out, Elektromagne sche Felder, Mobilfunk, Stress, Chronic Fa gue Syndrome (CFS), chronische Entzündung, chronische Mul systemerkrankung (CMI), Acquired Energy Dyssymbiosis Syndrom (AEDS)
Fig.1: Burnout: the number of diagnoses rises rapidly (WIDO 2012, AOK = General German health insurance)
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———— Parallels between biological stress symptoms and adverse
biological effects of RF radiation
Why do we need to worry that these phenomena of general
loss of performance also may have a causal rela onship,
among others, with the ubiquitous cell phone and wireless
networks? The “digiti zati on of our world” means that, since
ca. 1998, our cells have been exposed to a conti nually increasing level of nonionizing radiati on to which they have not adapted. There is a relati onship between triggers of stress due to living conditi ons and RF radiati on. Research results regarding the effects of nonionizing radiati on on cells show similar effect mechanisms as the burnout research in environmental medicine (see Fig. 3).
Radio-frequency electromagne c fields (RF-EMF) interfere
with cell processes:
• RF-EMFs produce excessive cell-damaging free radicals and strongly reacti ve oxygen and nitrogen species, which in turn can damage the DNA (see below).
• The body’s own defense in the form of endogenous
radical scavengers (anti oxidants) is weakened by RFEMFs (see below).
• The repair of DNA damage is impaired (BELYAEV et al.
2005).
• RF-EMFs interfere with the center of our metabolism,
the mitochondria, and thus interfere with our energy
produc on: ATP produc on is inhibited (SANDERS et
al. 1980, 1984, 1985).
• The decrease in ATP produc on debilitates the enti re
system.
• The exposure to RF radia on triggers a downward
spiral of disease. RF-EMFs accelerate toxic cascades.
“The clinical picture of AEDS or acquired energy dyssymbiosis
syndrome … describes a deficiency in cell energy with a simultaneous deteriora on of the cell milieu. This leads to mitochondriopathy. Energy producti on is blocked; the power plants of the cell are transformed into efficient sources of free radicals.” (WARNKE 2007)
———— Unnatural environment and
little protection
All living organisms, especially those living in the atmosphere, are immersed in ever-growing layers of radiofrequency radia on as well as electric and magne c fields.
Satellites show that the highest level of radiati on of technical
origin is found across Europe; the U.S. and China are somewhat less exposed (LIGHT et al. 2001).
The statements by those in power (poli cians, network providers, “experts“) have remained the same for years:
“According to the current body of scien fic knowledge, there
is no risk to human health below the exposure guidelines.” In
Germany, the exposure limits of the 26th Ordinance Implemen ng the Federal Immission Control Act apply. And the authori ties keep repea ng the same statements, assuring the public that, based on current knowledge, cell phone radiati on is safe. Those findings that do show effects would not be
reproducible. People who refer to themselves as electrosensiti ve are labeled as experiencing a nocebo response or suffering from a mental illness. And the spurious argument that there is no effect mechanism that would explain a risk also keeps coming up. The quantum energy of the radiati on, it is said, is far too low; it is several orders of magnitude below the thermal noise level, which is why it would not have the power to impair or damage living organisms.
Normally one would expect that the biological response to
weak and very weak magneti c fields and RF radiati on of cell
phone and other wireless communica on technologies
would be masked by the – stronger quantum -thermal noise
inside the human body. Because at temperatures between
20 °C and 40 °C, as occur in the human body, molecules and
their components are in constant random moti on. A signal
with lower energy then that cannot change this moti on in
any meaningful way. Adverse effects could therefore not
exist as long as the allegedly damaging fields are lost in this
random noise and an increase in temperature can be prevented. And this is what current exposure limits guarantee, and all worldwide experts in politi cs and industry adopt this argumentati on from one another.
Yet disastrously, it is exactly this central point of their placati ng argument that is false. There is not only a conceivable but even a completely plausible effect mechanism, which is able to explain DNA damage and all other described symptoms for such low-energy, nonthermal fields, and this completely independent of an increase in temperature. It is the
Fig.2: Pathogenesis of inflammati on, mitochondriopathy,
and nitrosa ve stress as a result of the exposure to trigger
factors (VON BAEHR 2012)
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produc on of free radicals through nonionizing radia on of
wireless networks, which provokes the destruc on of body
cells and genes.
Then what is the ra tionale for how electromagneti c fields of
cell phone and other wireless communica on technologies
generate disease?
Fact #1: Never before has the Earth’s atmosphere been saturated with so many electric and magne c fields and nonstop
electromagneti c radiati on of technical origin, and this radia-
on exposure con ntiues to increase.
Fact #2: Inflammati on triggered by oxidati ve stress and its
resulti ng cardiovascular diseases (e.g. infarct, arteriosclerosis, etc.) are the number one cause of death in industrial countries, closely followed by tumors (see Fig. 4). Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others, show an increasing
trend.
Questi on: Does a causal rela onship beyond the presently
known risk factors exist?
Numerous consistent scien fic findings show that the radiati on of cell phone and other wireless communica on technologies can produce addi tional ROS/RNS in living organisms;
this can occur in the presence of both ELF magneti c fields as
well as RF electromagneti c fields. The energy of these fields
that can trigger effects is several orders of magnitude below
the average thermal noise level (FRIEDMAN et al. 2007).
———— RF-radiation-induced increase
in free radicals: nitric oxide (NO)
and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
Cell phone radiati on at 900 MHz induced increased nitric
oxide or NO levels in rat brains. Malondialdehyde (MDA)
levels, xanthine oxidase (XO) ac vity, und adenosine deaminase (ADA) ac vity were also increased. At the same ti me,
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase
(GSH-Px) ac vi es decreased in the brain. These unfavorable
changes could be prevented through appropriate doses of
ginkgo biloba extract as an an oxidant (ILHAN et al. 2004; for
similar results also see OZGÜNER et al. 2005, 2006, PAREDI et
al. 2001, YARIKTAS et al. 2005).
——— RF-radiation-induced increase
in reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Numerous single studies demonstrate the produc on of oxida ve stress through nonionizing radia on. The study by
MOUSTAFA et al. 2001 showed that cell phone radia on at
900 MHz produces oxida ve stress by increasing lipid peroxida on and interfering with an oxidase ac vi es. This already occurred in adult male volunteers while the cell phone was sti ll in standby mode in their coat pocket. Plasma lipid peroxide levels increased significantly a6er 1, 2, and 4 hours in standby mode. The ac vity of the radical scavengers SOD
and GSH-Px in human erythrocytes had decreased. It says in
the abstract:
“These results indicate that acute exposure to radiofrequency
fields of commercially available cellular phones may modulate the oxidati ve stress of free radicals by enhancing lipid
peroxidati on and reducing the acti vati on of superoxide dismutase and total glutathione peroxidase, which are free radical scavengers. Therefore, these results support the interacti on of radiofrequency fields of cellular phones with biological systems.” (MOUSTAFA et al. 2001, summary EMF-Portal).
A human blood platelet suspension was exposed to 900 MHz
cell phone radia on for 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes. A6er 1, 5, and
7 minutes, the malonaldehyde (MDA) level increased and at
the same time the SOD ac vity decreased. At 3 minutes, the
ac vity levels were temporarily reversed (STOPCZYK et al.
2002). The 930 MHz cell phone radia on only increased the
reacti ve oxygen species (ROS) level in rat lymphocytes when
the cells were treated with iron ions (ZMYSLONY et al. 2004).
A study by the Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, USA, found that melatonin levels – an
effec ve an tioxidant – decreased considerably with cell
phone calls of longer than 25 minutes (BURCH et al. 2002).
The cell phone radiati on increased the malondialdehyde
(MDA) concentrati on in rat brains, but not phospholipids and
p53 immune reac ons (DASDAG et al. 2004, 2009).
RF radiati on at 1800 MHz causes damage to the mtDNA. This
research project was financed by the Chinese government. In
this project, DNA damage in mitochondria of rat corti cal neuFig.3: Summary of effects on the cellular level caused by
electromagne c fields (GYE & PARK 2012)
EMF: electromagne c field; N: nucleus; ER: endoplasma c
re culum; M: mitochondria
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rons was demonstrated, which had been induced by cell
phone radia on with a pulse of 217 Hz. The 1800 MHz RF
radia on caused the oxida ve damage through the forma on of reac ve oxygen species (ROS), which are implicated in various nervous system diseases (XU et al. 2009).
Addtii onal research findings confirm that RF-EMF causes oxida ve stress, and that at power density levels well below the exposure limits (ATASOY et al. 2012, AYATA et al. 2004, AYDIN & AKAR 2011, CAMPISI et al. 2010, CEYHAN et al. 2012, ELHAG et al. 2007, ESKEMAYA et al. 2011, GULER et al. 2010, GUMRAL et al. 2009, GUNEY et al. 2007, KESARI et al. 2010,
2011, 2012, KIHRAZOVA et al. 2012, KOYU et al 2005, LU et
al. 2012, OKTEM et al. 2005, OZGUR et al. 2010, SOKOLOVIC
et al. 2008, YAO et al. 2008, YUREKLI et al. 2006). See also the
summary paper by Desai et al., in which a detailed effect
mechanism is outlined (DESAI et al. 2009).
—— Effects on the endocrine system
An increasing number of research findings demonstrate the
effect of cell phone radiati on on the stress hormone axis.
Several studies indicate effects on the endocrine system
(AUGNER et al. 2010, BUCHNER & EGER 2011, DJERIDANE et
al. 2008, ESME-KAYA et al. 2010, MEO et al. 2010, MISA
AGUSTINO et al. 2012, SAROOKHANI et al. 2011, SEYEDNOUR
& CHEKANIAZAR 2011, VANGELOVA & ISRAEL 2005). A systema c review of this topic is s ll missing.
———— Electron transport enzymes
are magnetosensitive
The sti mulati on of free radicals including NO by physical
fields and radiati on has been reliably validated by science.
This alone, however, does not prove the existence of damage
as along as the primary effect mechanism is not known. A
connecti ng link that explains the adverse effect was shown
by Friedman et al.. The enzyme NADH oxidase shows a high -
and enti rely reproducible – sensi vity to magne c and electromagne c fields of cell phones. Friedman et al. found that exposing rat cells to RF-EMF caused an immediate acti vati on of the enzyme NADH oxidase, which resulted in an increased producti on of free radicals. And the study also offers an
effect mechanism: “This study delineates a detailed molecular mechanism by which electromagntie c fields at mobile phone frequency induces short-term MAPK ac va on and thereby transcrip on and other cellular processes. … The first step is mediated in the plasma membrane by NADH oxidase,
which rapidly generates reacti ve oxygen species.” (FRIEDMAN
et al. 2007, according to EMF-Portal)
NADH oxidase is quite important in another respect. It is also
found in the cell nucleus where – depending on the redox
system – it can regulate gene expression, but also damage
genes (USHIO-FUKAI 2006).
Severe pathological deteriora on manifests itself when,
due to magneti c field and radio-frequency radiati on exposure, additi onal reacti ve oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide are produced that combine with the also increasingly produced NO to form the highly toxic peroxynitrite, which in turn reacts with hydrogen to form even more hydrogen peroxide (see Fig.4).
The agreement between the cascade triggered by magne tic
field and RF radiati on exposures and the findings of the burnout research is obvious. Müller writes in his ar cle Fa gtiue from the Perspec tive of Clinical Environmental Medicine:
“The situati on becomes especially criti cal when, under the
influence of environmental toxic agents and / or an increased
formati on of peroxynitrite, the functi oning of the mitochondria is impaired. They have the task of making the energy carrier molecules adenine triphosphate (ATP).There is much to suggest that the functi onal impairment of the mitochondria is equivalent to the disease pa:ern called burnout, whereas the prolonged damage to mitochondrial DNA induces chronic fa gue.” (MÜLLER 2012)
As early as 1985, the study by Sanders and colleagues
showed a decrease in ATP producti on due to weak RF radia-
on exposure (nonthermal effect): “Since brain temperature
did not increase, the microwave-induced increase in NADH
and decrease in ATP and CP concentrati ons was not due to
hyperthermia. This suggests a direct interacti on mechanism.
It is consistent with the hypothesis of microwave inhibiti on of
mitochondrial electron transport chain functi on of ATP produc tion.” (SANDERS et al. 1985, according to EMF-Portal).
Both approaches (cell phone research, burnout research)
suggest that the mitochondrial dysfuncti on is a result of damage to the mitochondrial functi on complexes caused by ROS/
RNS: “Mitochondriopathies lead to progressive inacti vati on of
the respiratory chain and other mitochondrial functi ons, and
in turn to severe neuropathies, encephalopathies, cardio-/
myopathies, and endocrinopathies.” (BIEGER 2012).
Fig.4: Graph of possible combina on effects, which can result in addi ve and synergis c DNA damage, also including
electromagne c fields (WITTE 2012)
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——————— Extending the lifetime
of free radicals
This pathological cascade is enhanced by EMFs because even
rather low magneti c field intensi es affect chemical reac ons
and extend the life me of free radicals (BROCKLEHURST &
MCLAUCHLAN 1996, NEITZKE 2012, WARNKE 2009). The
model of Scaiano et al. demonstrates that in the presence of
a magne c field the radical concentra on increases. The halflife of free radicals is extended (SCAIANO et al. 1994). The
possibili es for radical reac ons to occur have thus increased. Within a magne c field, the life me of free radicals
is extended in such a way that the electron transfer within
the DNA can be affected, which in turn also changes the protein induc on (MOHTAT et al.1998). Magne c fields extend
the life me of free radicals by impairing the intersystem
crossing in triplet radicals (CHIGNELL & SIK 1995, WARNKE
2009).
Regarding the ques on of health problems and risks
The effect mechanism documented by Friedman et al. (2007)
is of such utmost importance because it shows that there is a
well-explained biological basis for the subjec ve symptoms
many people suffer from. By studying the cascades listed
below, it is easier to understand why electrosmog is dangerous.
—————— Functional impairments
and disease patterns
EMF-induced excessive ROS/RNS s mula on can be divided
into three areas of effects, which are run through one a6er
another:
• Sti mulati on of free radicals,
• Sti mulati on of highly toxic peroxynitrite,
• Sti mulati on of highly toxic peroxide radical.
The consequences of these processes are serious: cell components are destroyed; anti oxidants taken up with food and
the electron-rich substances manufactured by the body are
used up; the damaging cholesterol increases. Such a person
feels red, tense, fights various inflammati ons and a broad
range of associated illnesses, which show similari es to the
burnout syndrome.
————————— Acquired energy
dyssymbiosis syndrome (AEDS)
The clinical picture of AEDS or acquired energy dyssymbiosis
syndrome describes a deficiency in cell energy with a simultaneous deteriora on of the cell milieu. This leads to mitochondriopathy. Energy produc on (ATP) is blocked; the power plants of the cell are transformed into efficient sources of free radicals. These changes have serious consequences:
Inflammatory processes spread and release additi onal substances that have adverse effects (tumor necroti c factor TNFa and again nitric oxide) at excessive levels. We should always bear in mind that in our industrial society inflammati on-based illnesses continue to increase and that arteriosclerosis such as myocardial infarcti on – the number one cause of
death – is basically one of them. Today this view has gained acceptance among the scien sts of the medical community.
Aerobic glycolysis (glycolysis despite the presence of oxygen)
is ac vated as an emergency power generator, which in turn
is associated with:
• Si mulati on of proto-oncogenes (precursors of oncogenes)
• Increased release of superoxide radicals
• Lactate acidosis (hyperacidosis).
Eventually the genome of the mitochondria will mutate. But
exactly this pathological change can also be inherited from
the mother. The offspring will have to carry the burden, and
the change becomes integrated into the gene c material of
genera tions to come.
This is the disease state of a growing number of people within our polluted environment. It can manifest itself as burnout syndrome or electromagne c hypersensi vity. This pathological cascade reveals that the nonionizing radia on of wireless communica on technologies does not directly cause damage to cells like ionizing radia on does, but it triggers many diseases based on oxida ve stress through an indirect pathway by producing free radicals, and thus can cause burnout syndrome or exacerbate it.
H.-P. Neitzke (ECOLOG-Ins tut) states: “With the current and
soon to be available technology, it will not be possible to realize the AACC visions of “Anyti me, Anywhere Communicati on
and Computi ng” in a manner that is compa ble with human
health.” (NEITZKE 2010, EMF-Monitor 6/2010)
(Note: A comprehensive version of this ar cle is published in
German as a research report by the Kompetenzini a ve e.V.
and Diagnose-Funk e.V.. Available as a free download at:
www.kompetenzini a ve.net & www.mobilfunkstudien.de)
36
Contact:
Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Warnke
Ins tut Technische Biologie & Bionik
c/o Interna onales Bionikzentrum
Science Park 2 an Universität des Saarlandes
66123 Saarbrücken
Peter Hensinger, Diagnose-Funk e.V.
Umwelt- und Verbraucherorganisa on
zum Schutz vor elektromagne scher Strahlung
Bismarckstr. 63
70197 Stu_gart
peter.hensinger@diagnose-funk.de
www.diagnose-funk.de | www.mobilfunkstudien.deELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
umwelt·medizin·gesellschaft | 26 | 1/2013
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